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Neptune A Year On Neptune: Given its distance from the Sun, Neptune has the longest orbital period of any planet in the Solar System. Neptune is the smallest of the gas giants, but it is still much larger than any of the inner planets. Its diameter is about seven times greater than Mars' diameter. Neptune also has a solid core, somewhat like Earth's. The planet's mantle is an icy mixture of liquid methane, water and ammonia. The atmosphere on Neptune is gaseous, consisting of hydrogen and helium. Neptune takes 165 Earth years to complete one revolution around the sun.